Disclaimer: Copyright and all rights of these materials are retained by copyright holders. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.
IEEE material: Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.
- Stephan SCHRAML, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Horst BISCHOF, "Event-driven Stereo Matching for Real-time 3D Panoramic Vision ," In proc. of the IEEE CVPR, pp. 484-492, IEEE, (2015).
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Stephan SCHRAML, Manfred MAYERHOFER and Michael HOFSTÄTTER, "A Novel HDR Depth Camera for Real-time 3D 360° Panoramic Vision ," In proc. of the IEEE CVPR Workshop on Computational Cameras and Displays, pp. 425-432, USA, IEEE, (2014).
- Roman Graf, Ross KING and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR , "Braille Vision Using Braille Display and Bio-inspired Camera ," In proc. of the International Conference on Computer Supported Education, pp. 214-219, Spain, (2014).
- Ewa PIATKOWSKA, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Manfred MAYERHOFER and Ross KING, "Asynchronous Stereo Vision for Event-driven Dynamic Stereo Sensor Using an Adaptive Cooperative Approach ," In proc. of the IEEE ICCV2013 Workshops, Sydney, Australia, IEEE, (2013).
- Roman Graf, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Manfred MAYERHOFER and Ross KING, "Quality Control of Real-time Panoramic Views from the Smart Camera 360SCAN," In proc. of the IEEE ISCAS2013 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 650-653, China, IEEE, (2013).
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Manfred MAYERHOFER, Daniel MATOLIN and Joseph COLINEAU, "360SCAN: High-speed Rotating Line Sensor for Real-time 360° Panoramic Vision," In proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras, ICDSC2012, Hong Kong, IEEE, (2012).
- Georg WIESMANN, Stephan SCHRAML, Martin LITZENBERGER, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Michael HOFSTÄTTER and Chiara BARTOLOZZI , "Event-driven Emboddied System for Feature Extraction and Object Recognition in Robotic Applications," in Proc. of the IEEE CVPR Workshops in CVPR 2012, pp. 76-82, USA IEEE, (2012).
- Martin HUMENBERGER, Stephan SCHRAML, Christoph SULZBACHNER, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Agoston SRP and Ferenc VAJDA, "Embedded Fall Detection with a Neural Network and Bio-inspired Stereo Vision," in Proc. of the IEEE CVPR Workshops in CVPR 2012, pp. 60-67, USA IEEE, (2012).
- Ewa PIATKOWSKA, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Stephan SCHRAML and Margrit GELAUTZ , "Spatiotemporal Multiple Persons Tracking using Dynamic Vision Sensor," in Proc. of the IEEE CVPR Workshops in CVPR 2012, pp. 35-40, USA IEEE, (2012).
- Bernhard KOHN, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Aneta NOWAKOWSKA , "Real-time Gesture Recognition using a Bio-inspired 3D Vision Sensor," in Proc. of the IEEE CVPR Workshops in CVPR 2012, pp. 37-42, USA IEEE, (2012).
- Bernhard KOHN, Aneta NOWAKOWSKA and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, "Real-time Body Motion Analysis for Dance Pattern Recognition," in Proc. of the IEEE CVPR Workshops in CVPR 2012, pp. 48-53, USA IEEE, (2012).
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Manfred MAYERHOFER, Daniel MATOLIN and Joseph COLINEAU, "Real-time 360° Panoramic Views using BiCa360, the Fast Rotating Dynamic Vision Sensor to up to 10 Rotations per Sec," In proc. of the IEEE ISCAS2012 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 727-730, South Korea, IEEE, (2012).
--> Awarded Second Best Live Demonstration - Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Martin LITZENBERGER, Stephan SCHRAML, Michael HOFSTÄTTER, Daniel BAUER, Peter SCHÖN, Martin HUMENBERGER, Christoph SULZBACHNER, Tommi LUNDEN and Markus MERNE, "CARE: A Dynamic Stereo Vision Sensor System for Fall Detection," In proc. of the IEEE ISCAS2012 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 731-734, South Korea, IEEE, (2012).
- Bernhard KOHN, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Thomas HAHN and Hannes KAUFMANN, "Event-driven Body Motion Analysis for Real-time Gesture Recognition," In proc. of the IEEE ISCAS2012 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 703-706, South Korea, IEEE, (2012).
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Aneta NOWAKOWSKA, Stephan SCHRAML, Georg WIESMANN and Robert SABLATNIG, "Event-Driven Feature Analysis in a 4D Spatiotemporal Representation for Ambient Assisted Living," in Proc. of the IEEE ICCV Workshops ICCV 2011, pp. 1570-1577, Spain, IEEE, (2011).
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Stephan SCHRAML and Aneta Nowakowska, "Event-Driven Stereo Vision for Fall Detection," in Proc. of the IEEE ECV Workshop in CVPR 2011, pp. 78-83, USA IEEE, (2011).
- Katja MOSER, Martina BÖTTCHER and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR " Integration of Multimedia Social Networks in Intelligent Security and Service Systems Using the Example of CARE," In proc. of the German Ambient Assisted Living 2011, VDE Verlag, Berlin (2011).
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Roman Pflugfelder and Roman Gmeiner, " A Neuromorphic Smart Camera for Real-time 360° Distortion-free Panoramas," In proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras, USA, IEEE, (2010). --> PDF
- Stephan SCHRAML and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, "A Spatio-temporal Clustering Method Using Real-time Motion Analysis on Event-based 3D Vision," In proc. of the 3D Vision Workshop in CVPR 2010 , USA, IEEE, (2010), ISBN: 978-1-4244-6983-3; 7 P. --> PDF
- Stephan SCHRAML, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Norbert BRÄNDLE, "A Real-time Pedestrian Classification Method for Event-based Dynamic Stereo Vision," In proc. of the 6th IEEE Embedded Computer Vision Wolrkshop in CVPR 2010, USA, IEEE, (2010), ISBN: 978-1-4244-6983-3; --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Stephan SCHRAML and Norbert BRÄNDLE, "Real-time Classification of Pedestrians and Cyclists for Intelligent Counting of Non-Motorized Traffic," in Proc. of the SISM Workshop in CVPR 2010, USA IEEE, (2010), ISBN: 978-1-4244-6983-3; 5 P. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Michael HOFSTÄTTER and Peter SCHÖN, "An event-driven system for high-speed vision," In Proc. of the 7th International Conference on Informatics and Systems (INFOS) 2010, Cairo, Egypt, IEEE, (2010), ISBN: 978-1-4244-5828-8; 5 P.
- Stephan SCHRAML, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Nenad MILOSEVIC and Peter SCHOEN, "Live Demonstration: Dynamic Stereo Vision System for Real-time Tracking," IEEE ISCAS2010 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2010, Paris; in: "ISCAS 2010", IEEE, (2010), ISBN: 978-1-4244-5309-2; 4 P.
- Daniel MATOLIN, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Stephan. SCHRAML, “Ein neuartiger Bio-inspirierter Vision Sensor für Ambient Assisted Living – Personensicherheit,” Ambient Assisted Living 2010, VDE Verlag, Berlin, January 2010.
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Michael HOFSTÄTTER, Martin LITZENBERGER and Peter SCHOEN, "Performance Evaluation of the Ultra High-Speed Synchronous Arbitration for Transient Pixel's Events,"
IEEE International Conference on Industrial Techology, Australia, IEEE, (2009), ISBN: 978-1-4244-3507-4; 4 P. --> PDF - Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Stephan SCHRAML, Andreas BÖTTCHER, Manfred KRENN and Martin LITZENBERGER, "Stereo Vision Mittels einem Bio-inspirierten Stereo Sensor," 2. Deutscher AAL-Kongress mit Ausstellung, Berlin; 27.01.2009 - 28.01.2009; in: "Ambient Assisted Living 2009", VDE Verlag, (2009), ISBN: 978-3-8007-3138-1; 4 S.
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Michael HOFSTÄTTER, Martin LITZENBERGER and Peter SCHOEN, "Improved Dynamic Shape Representation Using a Biologically-Inspired Vision Sensor with a Synchronous Arbitration," IEEE International Conference on Biomedical Circuits and Systems "Intelligent Biomedical Systems", USA; (BIOCAS2008)", IEEE, (2008), ISBN: 978-1-4244-2879-3; 5 P. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Michael HOFSTÄTTER, Richard BJETAK and Peter SCHOEN, "High-Precision Representation of High-Speed Scene Dynamics with a Neuromorphic Imaging System," In Proc. of IEEE International Workshop on Imaging Systems and Techniques, Chania, Greeceenland; IEEE, (2008), ISBN: 978-1-4244-2497-9; 6 P. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Michael HOFSTÄTTER, Nenad MILOSEVIC and Peter SCHOEN,
"Embedded Contours Extraction for High-Speed Scene Dynamics Based on a Neuromorphic Temporal Contrast Vision Sensor," IEEE Embedded Computer Vision Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, in "Workshop Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition", IEEE, (2008), ISBN: 978-1-4244-2340-8; 8 P. --> PDF - Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Michael HOFSTÄTTER, Karl REISINGER, Martin LITZENBERGER and Peter SCHÖN, "High-Precision Timestamping and Ultra High-Speed Arbitration of Transient Pixels' Events," 15th International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Malta; 31.08.2008 - 03.09.2008; in: "Proceeding of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems", IEEE, (2008), ISBN: 978-1-4244-2182-4; 5 P. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Karl REISINGER, Michael HOFSTAETTER and Peter SCHOEN, "High-Speed Industrial Vision Applications Using an Embedded Smart Sensor System", 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2007. ICECS '07, pp. 1079-1082, Dec. 11-14, 2007. --> PDF
- Martin LITZENBERGER, Bernhard KOHN, Nikolaus DONATH, Christoph POSCH, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Heinrich GARN, “Vehicle Counting with an Embedded Traffic Data System using an Optical Transient Sensor,” in the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITSC’2007, pp. 36-40, Seattle, USA, Sep.-Oct. 2007. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Karl REISINGER, Gerhard GRITSCH, Peter SCHOEN and Heinrich GARN, “Automated Vehicle Velocity Estimation Using a Dual-Line Asynchronous Sensor,” in the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITSC’2007, pp. 552-557, Seattle, USA, Sep.-Oct. 2007. --> PDF
- Martin LITZENBERGER, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Peter SCHOEN and C. POSCH, “Embedded Smart Camera for High Speed Vision,” in the IEEE International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras, ICDSC’2007, pp. 81-86, Vienna, Austria, Sep. 2007. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Michael HOFSTAETTER, Karl Reisinger, Nikolaus DONATH and Peter SCHOEN, “Object Velocity Estimation Based on Asynchronous Data from a Dual-Line Sensor System,” in the International Conference on Industrial Informatics, INDIN2007, pp. 347 – 352, Vienna, Austria, July 2007. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Martin LITZENBERGER, Christoph POSCH and Peter SCHOEN, “Real-Time Vision Using a Smart Sensor System,” in the International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, ISIE2007, pp. 1968 – 1973, Vigo, Spain, June 2007. --> PDF
- Michael HOFSTAETTER, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Ernst BODENSTORFER and Peter SCHOEN, “Multiple Input Digital Arbiter with Timestamp Assignment for Asynchronous Sensor Arrays,” 13th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, in Eric Kerhervé and Mohamad Sawan(Eds), pp. 228-231, France December 2006. --> PDF
- Martin LITZENBERGER, Christoph POSCH, Daniel BAUER, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Peter SCHOEN, Bernhard KOHN, and Heinrich GARN, “Embedded Vision System for Real-Time Object Tracking Using an Asynchronous Transient Vision Sensors,” 12th IEEE Workshop on Digital Signal Processing and Signal Processing Education, Wyoming, USA September 2006, in John Pierre and Cam Wright (Eds), pp. 173-178, DSP/SPE 2006. --> PDF
- Martin LITZENBERGER, Bernhard KOHN, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Nikolaus DONATH, Gerhard GRITSCH, Heinrich GARN, Christoph POSCH, Stefan SCHRAML, “Estimation of Vehicle Speed Based on Asynchronous Data from a Silicon Retina Optical Sensor,” in Proceeding of IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, ITSC2006, pp.: 653 – 658. Sept. 17-20, 2006. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Peter Michael GOEBEL, “Medical Image Compression: Study of the Influence of Noise on the JPEG 2000 Compression Performance,” 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition 2006, IEEE Computer Society, in IEEE Computer Society Proceedings, Y.Y. Tang, P. Wang, G. Lorette and D.S. Yeung (Eds), volume 3, pp. 893-896, Hong Kong, China, August 2006. --> PDF
- Peter Michael GOEBEL and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, “Single Image Superresolution Interpolation by Wavelet Support Vector Regression,” Wavelets and Applications Seminar, in M. Vetterli, M. Unser and D. Van De Ville (Eds), WavE2006, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland July 2006. --> PDF
- Peter Michael GOEBEL, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Michael TRUPPE, “Optimizing the Patient’s Dose in Dental Ortho-Pantomographic X-ray by a Bayesian Approach, Utilizing the Scatter-Glare Prior Probability calculated by Monte Carlo Simulations,” 14th Biennial Topical Meeting of the American Nuclear Society (ANS) Radiation Protection and Shielding Division, in ANS Proceeding, pp. 452-455, Carlsbad, NM, USA, April 2006. --> PDF
- Peter Michael GOEBEL, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Michael TRUPPE, “A Study on the Influence of Image Dynamics and Noise on the JPEG 2000 Compression Performance for Medical Images,” 2nd international workshop on computer vision approaches to medical image analysis, in R. Beichel and M. Sonka (Eds), Proceedings of the ECCV Workshop, Graz, Austria, May 2006. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Alessandra FANNI, Mario LERA and Augusto MONTISCI, “An Automatic Optical Inspection System for the Diagnosis of Printed Circuits Based on Neural Networks,” 40th IEEE-Industry Applications Society 2005 Annual Meeting, Hong-Kong, China, October, 2005. --> PDF
- Roland OTTENSAMER, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Franz KERSCHBAUM, “Intelligent Detectors – Data Reduction for Future Missions”, Astronomical Notes, Vol. 326, 7/2005, WILEY-VCH, Berlin, Germany September 2005. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Peter Michael GOEBEL, “Color Image Compression: Early Vision and the Multiresolution Representations,” in 27th Annual Meeting of the German Association for Pattern Recognition, Vienna, Austria Aug.-Sep., 2005. --> PDF
- Peter Michael GOEBEL and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, “Blind Background Removal in Dental Panoramic X-ray Image: An Application Approach,” in the 27th Annual Meeting of the German Association for Pattern Recognition, Vienna, Austria Aug.-Sep., 2005. --> PDF
- Peter Michael GOEBEL and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, “Background Removal in Dental Panoramic X-ray Images by the A-Trous Multiresolution Transform,” 17th IEEE European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, Cork, Ireland, Aug.-Sep., 2005. --> PDF
- Christian W. DAWSON, Linda SEE, Robert J. ABRAHART, Robert L. WILBY, Asaad Y. SHAMSELDIN, François ANCTIL, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, G. BOWDEN, Graeme DANDY, Nicolas LAUZON and Holger MAIER, “A Comparative Study of Artificial Neural Network Techniques for River Stage Forecasting,” International Joint Conference on Neural Networks 2005 IJCNN'05, Montreal, Canada , August, 2005. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR and Peter Michael GOEBEL, “A Combined Multiresolution Approach for Faint Source Extraction from Infrared Astronomical Raw Images Sequence,” IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Conference. Bordeaux, France, July 2005. --> PDF
- Peter Michael GOEBEL and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, “Noise Estimation in Panoramic X-ray Images: An Application Analysis Approach,” IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Conference. Bordeaux, France, July 2005. --> PDF
- Peter Michael GOEBEL and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, “An Application Analysis Approach For Noise Estimation in Panoramic X-Ray Images,” in the Joint Hungarian-Austrian Conference on Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Hungary, May 2005. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Peter GOEBEL, “A Sparse Image Representation Using Contourlets ,” in the 10th Computer Vision Winter Workshop, Zell an der Pram, Austria, February, 2005. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Peter GOEBEL, “The Contourlet Transform for Image Compression,” in the IEEE Conference on Physics in Signal and Image Processing (PSIP’2005), Toulouse, France, Jan./Feb. 2005. --> PDF
- Benamouer BOULERIAL, Mohamed Faouzi BELBACHIR and Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, “Reduced Search Space for the Optimal Design of Linear Phase FIR Filter,” 12th European Signal Processing Conference EUSIPCO’04, Vienna, Austria, September 2004. --> PDF
- Christian REIMERS, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Horst BISCHOF, Roland OTTENSAMER, Helmut FEUCHTGRUBER, Franz KERSCHBAUM, and Albrecht POGLITSCH, “A Feasibility Study of On-Board Data Compression for Infrared Cameras of Space Observatories,” in Proc. of the 7th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Cambridge, UK, August 2004. --> PDF
- Roland OTTENSAMER, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Horst BISCHOF, Helmut FEUCHTGRUBER, Franz KERSCHBAUM, Albrecht POGLITSCH and Christian REIMERS, “Herschel-PACS On-Board Reduction/Compression Software Implementation,” SPIE International Symposium on Astronomical Telescopes,Glasgow, Scotland, UK, June 2004. --> PDF
- Roland Ottensamer, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Horst BISCHOF, Helmut FEUCHTGRUBER, Franz KERSCHBAUM, Christian REIMERS, Ekki WIEPRECHT, “The HERSCHEL/PACS On-Board Software Data Processing Scheme”, Astronomical Data Analysis Software & Systems Conference, Victoria, Canada, September 2001. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Sergio BIBBO, Alessandra FANNI, Benaoumer BOULERIAL, Mohamed Faouzi BELBACHIR," Evaluation of the Iterative Least Square Method in Digital Filter Design, " the Seventh IASTED International Conference, Signal and Image Processing (SIP2000) Las Vegas,Nevada, USA, November 2000. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Horst BISCHOF, Franz KERSCHBAUM,"A Data Compression Concept for Space Application, " DSP-SPE'00, IEEE Digital Signal Processing Workshop in Hunt,Texas, USA, October 2000. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Benaoumer BOULERIAL, Mohamed Faouzi BELBACHIR, “A New Approach to Finite Wordlength Coefficient FIR Digital Filter Design Using the Branch and Bound Technique," EUSIPCO'00, Tampere - Finland, September 2000. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Mohamed Faouzi BELBACHIR, Alessandra FANNI, “A New Approach to Digital Filter Design Using the Tabu Search,” IEEE NORdic SIGnal Processing, NORSIG'00, Sweden, June 2000. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Benaoumer BOULERIAL, Mohamed Faouzi BELBACHIR, “A Sequential Robust Method to Finite Wordlength Coefficient FIR Digital Filter Design,” IEEE NORdic SIGnal Processing, NORSIG'00, Sweden, June 2000. --> PDF
- Horst BISCHOF, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Dieter Claus HOENIGMANN, and Franz KERSCHBAUM, “A data reduction concept for FIRST/PACS,” In J. B. Breckinridge and P. Jakobsen, editors, UV, Optical, and IR Space Telescopes and Instruments VI. SPIE, Munich, Germany, March 2000. --> PDF
- Franz KERSCHBAUM, Horst BISCHOF, Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Dieter Claus HOENIGMANN, and Thomas LEBZELTER, “Evaluation of FIRST/PACS data compression on ISO data,” In J. B. Breckinridge and P. Jakobsen, editors, UV, Optical, and IR Space Telescopes and Instruments VI. SPIE, Munich, Germany, March 2000. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Benaoumer BOULERIAL, Mohamed Faouzi BELBACHIR, “Une Approche Itérative pour la Conception de Filtres Numériques RIF à Phase Linéaire dans l'Espace Discret des Coefficients,” Conférence Maghrébine en Génie Electrique, CMGE'99, Constantine, Algeria, December 1999. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Benaoumer BOULERIAL, Mohamed Faouzi BELBACHIR, “Synthèse de Filtres Numériques RIF à Phase Linéaire dans un Espace Discret de Mot Machine de Longueur Finie,” Séminaire National sur l'Automation et le Signal, SNAS'99, Annaba, Algeria, November 1999. --> PDF
- Ahmed Nabil BELBACHIR, Benaoumer BOULERIAL, Mohamed Faouzi BELBACHIR, “Synthèse de Filtres Numériques,” Journée d'Electronique, JE'99, Oran, Algeria, June 1999. --> PDF
Disclaimer: Copyright and all rights of these materials are retained by copyright holders. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.
IEEE material: Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.